考试日期：2014年3月22日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

children play 的几个阶段

Question types:

文章内容回顾：

主题：让人文社科类话题

主要讲述孩子play的几个阶段，从一开始吃手指到后来的function play，再到pretend play对孩子的影响，以及相关正向影响。

难度分析：

人文类话题，在托福阅读考试中较为常见，文章结构是因果关系结构，其中涉及的“发展”线索是把握文章的主要线索，考生在平时备考中也应该对ETS较为喜欢的因果类文章做相关整理。

相关背景内容：

Pre-migration and post-migration stressors affect the mental health of refugee children: Compared to other immigrants, refugee children are more likely to have serious problems associated withmalnutrition, disease, physical injuries, brain damage and sexual orphysical abuse.[2]:p.5 These problems may affect the child's cognitive, social and emotional development, leading to serious mental deficiencies/illnesses including post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), anxiety and depression.[

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the term refugee refers to any individual who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

Approximately 44% of the world’s refugees are children. A child is anyone below the age of 18 according to the Convention on the Rights of a Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflicts. Since 1980, 1.8 million refugees have been invited to live in the United States, 40% of whom have been children. An estimated 95% of them resettle with their parents. About 80% of the world’s refugees are hosted by developing countries. Presently, the largest refugee producing countries include Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia and Sudan.

Reading Passage 2

Title:

地球构造

Question types:

文章内容回顾：

主题：地质学类话题

文章主要讲述了科学家无法直接探测地球岩层的成分，然后讲述了各种试验方法，比如研究矿物质和火山爆发，还可以通过一中热力仪来探测温度。

难度分析：

地质学类话题，文章结构是对比+分类型文章结构，框架结构较为清晰。学生对于这一题材的阅读都较为熟悉，但由于缺乏部分专业词汇，而似的文章总体有一定难度。

相关背景内容：

Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as the world or the Blue Planet.

Earth formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within its first billion years. Earth's biosphere then significantly altered the atmospheric and other basic physicalconditions, which enabled the proliferation of organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer, which together withEarth's magnetic field blocked harmful solar radiation, and permitted formerly ocean-confined life to move safely to land. Thephysical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological history and orbit, have allowed life to persist.

Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid segments, ortectonic plates, that migrate across the surface over periods ofmany millions of years. Over 70% percent of Earth's surface is covered with water, with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's poles are mostly covered with ice that is the solid ice of the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice that is the polar ice packs. The planet's interior remains active, with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the magnetic field, and a thick layer of relatively solidmantle.

Earth gravitationally interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. During one orbit around the Sun, the Earth rotates about its own axis 366.26 times, creating 365.26 solar days, or one sidereal year.[note 6] The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of itsorbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet's surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It began orbiting the Earth about 4.53 billion years ago (bya). The Moon's gravitational interaction with Earth stimulates ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation.

The planet is home to millions of species of life, includinghumans.Both the mineral resources of the planet and the products of the biosphere contribute resources that are used to support a global human population. These inhabitants are grouped into about 200 independent sovereign states, which interact through diplomacy, travel, trade, and military action.

Reading Passage 3

Title:

大猩猩的训练

Question types:

文章内容回顾：

主题 动物学类素材

文中主要讲述了一家名为ASL的机构对两个大猩猩进行训练，训练他们学习手势，并让他们模仿训练者，然后反驳了之前的一个关于大猩猩的结论。

难度分析：

动物学素材在托福阅读中是比较常见的素材，其中，大多以对比类结构出现，这篇也不例外，考生需要在此方面下功夫。

相关背景内容：

Gorillas constitute the eponymous genus Gorilla, the largest extant genusof primates by physical size. They are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of centralAfrica. The genus is divided into two species and either four or five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of a human, from 95–99% depending on what is counted, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after thebonobo and common chimpanzee.

Gorillas' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Africa. Although their range covers a small percentage of Africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations. The mountain gorillainhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes, ranging in altitude from 2,200–4,300 metres (7,200–14,100 ft). Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level, with western lowland gorillasliving in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda